Hate, Bigotry, and Ignorance did their best to banish African Americans into a social wilderness of perpetual despair so the banished used their genius and turned that wilderness into a network of playgrounds where they rested and gathered strength to keep battling for first-class citizenship. Join Hope College History Professor Fred L. Johnson as he concludes his discussion of the system of African American resorts that were built across the US in the early 20th century. Professor Fred L. Johnson III has taught history at Hope College since 2000. His primary field of study is 19th century US history, specifically the Civil War as well as 20th century US History, US military history, and African history. An award-winning speaker, he is a member of the Michigan chapter of the National Speakers’ Association since 2004. Dr. Johnson holds a BS from Bowie State College, an MA from Kent State University, and MDiv. From Western Theological Seminary, and a PhD from Kent State University.